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Aliases

(Daniels et al., 2020)

Dv Initial Source Misophonia MOC

Dv Status #status/Bare-bones-review

Dv Limitations • The use of a standard visual stroop task limits the assumptions that can be drawn for questions about modality specific effects of triggering stimuli.

Dv Future Directions • Future studies should look at if misophonia symptomology is linked with slow processing speed in non-triggering circumstances. • Other emotions (besides anxiety) should be looked at for links to Misophonia symptomology, (ex: anger, disgust, sadness) • Further studies should look at link between misophonia and other aspects of execute e functioning, EX: attention and working memory.

Dv Relevance • Shows impact of Misophonia on cognitive control ( specifically in response inhibition) • Results are novel in fact that they give the first description of the functional impact of Misophonia on cognitive control, and is the first study to show this effect in a non-clinical sample • shows evidence for the role of traits ( neuroticism and anxiety ) in Misophonia symptoms.

Severity of misophonia symptoms is associated with worse cognitive control when exposed to misophonia trigger sounds

Status:: #status/Bare-bones-review

Metadata

Item Type: #journalArticle
Authors: Emily C. Daniels, Andrew Rodriguez, Darya L. Zabelina
Date: 2020-1-16
Date Added: 2020-06-31
URL: https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227118
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227118
Cite key: danielsSeverityMisophoniaSymptoms2020
Topics: primary Resources
Tags: #Misophonia, #Article-review, #added-to-Misophonia-data-base, #marked, #Fully-reviewd, #noted, #reviewed, #to-be-annotated, #tags-need-to-be-checked, #zotero, #literature-notes, #reference
PDF Attachments: * Local library

Abstract

The present study aimed to investigate the extent to which the severity of misophonia symptoms is linked with cognitive control under misophonia symptom-provocation circumstances in the general population sample. Participants (N = 79) completed a measure of cognitive control–a Stroop color naming task, which consists of congruent and incongruent stimuli, and requires inhibition of a prepotent response (reading a word) in the service of a less predominant response (naming a color), while listening to misophonia symptom-provocation or universally unpleasant sounds. Participants’ misophonia sound sensitivity, and emotional behaviors towards trigger sounds were assessed using the Misophonia Questionnaire. Stronger emotional behavioral reactions to misophonia trigger sounds were significantly associated with the larger Stroop effect when participants were exposed to the misophonia trigger sounds, but not when they were exposed to the universally unpleasant sounds. This effect held when controlling for the personality trait of Neuroticism and for baseline levels of anxiety. Both elevated misophonia sound sensitivity and emotional behaviors towards trigger sounds significantly correlated with higher self-reported anxiety when performing the Stroop task. However, only elevated emotional behaviors towards trigger sounds were linked with higher anxiety levels at baseline, suggesting that people who experience stronger emotions and behavioral reactions to misophonia trigger sounds may have higher anxiety at a trait level. Limitations and future directions are discussed.

Article Review table


Background/Purpose	Background- • Misophonia is a poorly understood condition characterized by emotional reactivity to specific sounds. Though not in the DSM, proposed diagnostic criteria exist. • Trigger sounds typically include eating, breathing, or tapping noises. Reactions can escalate from irritation to aggression. • Neuroimaging studies suggest abnormal activity in the AIC and salience network, implicating heightened attention and emotional salience attribution. • Self-reports frequently describe diminished self-control, distress, and avoidance behaviors, possibly leading to anxiety and depression. • Cognitive control, a limited resource, may be particularly vulnerable in individuals with misophonia due to attentional competition from triggers. Purpose- • To test whether the severity of misophonia symptoms correlates with impaired cognitive control (indexed by the Stroop task) under symptom-provocation conditions. • To assess whether individual differences in misophonia are associated with increased state anxiety under exposure to misophonic vs. universally unpleasant sounds. • To examine whether these effects persist after controlling for trait neuroticism. • Examine the impact of misophonia severity on the cognitive control of Misophonics during trigger exposure. • Examine the resulting states of anxiety in a non-clinical sample • Predicted a significant positive relationship between elevate Misophonic responses and larger stroop effects during trigger exposure. This prediction was made on the presumption that the inhibition of unwanted responses ( i.e. misophonic responses pored by the MQ) would require greater cognitive control compared to simply having emotional sensitivity to triggers with without an urge to correct it. [this was supported] • Predicted a significant positive relationship between misophonia symptoms and anxiety levels. This prediction was made based on previous literature showing Misophonia’s link to negative affect.
Participants/samples	• Seventy-nine university students. 50 females, 28 males, and one “other”. mean age = 21.94, SD = 5.80 • Within subject’s design- participants preformed the stroop task while exposed to trigger sounds ( level 1) of control sounds ( level 2) • Cognitive control was assessed via a stroop task, with a large stroop effect assumed to indicate worse cognitive control. • Incentives included up to $13
Measures	• The Misophonia Questionnaire (MQ) • Misophonia sound sensitivity factor- probes for sensitivity to typical auditory/visual triggers • emotional behaviors towards misophonic trigger sounds factor- probes for subjects specific Misophonic responses • Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)- used to have participants report baseline anxiety and anxiety after each experimental condition. • The Big 5 neuroticism scale- assesses levels of neuroticism.
Procedures	• Subjects completed the STAI to record baseline anxiety, then completed practice block of stroop task before doing the actual task. • After completion of Stoop task, subjects completed the MQ, the Big 5 Neuroticism scale, and a probe for demographic information. • Finally, subjects watched a one-minute video designed to alleviate any stress endured by the procedure. • Total session took around 60 minutes.
Results	• A positive relationship was found between emotional reactions and the size of the stroop effect (r = .25, p = .03), and this effect held when controlling for neuroticism and bassline anxiety. [see fig 1] • No significant relationship between emotional behaviors and stroop effect in the control ( universally unpleasant) condition r = .17, p = 15. • No significant relationship between MQ sound sensitivity and Stroop effect in the trigger condition (r = .18, p = .12), nor in the control condition (r = .09, p = .46; Table 1) • Sound sensitivity and levels of resposnes as measured by the MQ were both associated with slower reaction times in the Stroop task in the trigger condition, but not in the control. This suggests that “individual differences in misophonia symptomatology overall, including sound sensitivity, may be linked with slower processing speed under misophonia symptom-provocation circumstances”
Discussion/Limits	Conclusion- • Emotional/behavioral reactivity to misophonia triggers, but not general sound sensitivity, predicts impaired cognitive control under misophonic conditions. • This impairment is independent of neuroticism and specific to symptom-provocation (not general unpleasant sounds). • Elevated misophonia symptoms (both subscales) linked with slower cognitive processing during misophonia, not unpleasant sound exposure. • Misophonia symptom severity associated with elevated anxiety during task, even after controlling for trait anxiety and neuroticism. • Findings support a model where cognitive control is depleted by emotional reactivity to misophonia triggers, not merely sensory sensitivity.
Limitations::	• The use of a standard visual stroop task limits the assumptions that can be drawn for questions about modality specific effects of triggering stimuli.
Future Directions::	• Future studies should look at if misophonia symptomology is linked with slow processing speed in non-triggering circumstances. • Other emotions (besides anxiety) should be looked at for links to Misophonia symptomology, (ex: anger, disgust, sadness) • Further studies should look at link between misophonia and other aspects of execute e functioning, EX: attention and working memory.
Relevance::	• Shows impact of Misophonia on cognitive control ( specifically in response inhibition) • Results are novel in fact that they give the first description of the functional impact of Misophonia on cognitive control, and is the first study to show this effect in a non-clinical sample • shows evidence for the role of traits ( neuroticism and anxiety ) in Misophonia symptoms.

My notes

key terms

Misophonia – A condition marked by strong emotional and physiological responses to specific auditory stimuli (e.g., chewing, breathing), often accompanied by anger, disgust, or aggressive urges.
Stroop Task – A cognitive control task that requires participants to name the color of a word while ignoring the word’s semantic content; incongruent trials (e.g., the word “red” in blue ink) require greater inhibitory control.
Stroop Effect – The performance difference (reaction time) between incongruent and congruent Stroop trials, where a larger effect indicates reduced cognitive control.
Anterior Insular Cortex (AIC) – A brain region involved in emotional processing and salience detection, shown to be hyperactive in individuals with misophonia.
Misophonia Questionnaire (MQ) – A 17-item scale assessing misophonia symptoms, composed of two subscales: sound sensitivity and emotional/behavioral reactions to trigger sounds.
State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) – A measure of both baseline (trait) and situational (state) anxiety.
Neuroticism – A Big Five personality trait associated with negative affect, used here as a covariate to control for general emotional reactivity.